Southampton is a city in Hampshire, England. The area has been settled since the stone age. Its history has been affected by its geographical location, on a major estuary on the English Channel coast with an unusual double high-tide, and by its proximity to Winchester and London; the ancient and modern capitals of England.
Southampton became an important port in medieval times, experiencing several hundred years of fluctuating fortunes until it was expanded by the Victorians.
As a centre of commerce, an industrial town and an important military embarkation point, Southampton was a strategic target for the Luftwaffe and was severely damaged in World War II.[1][2]
Post-war re-development and the need to accommodate 20th century innovations such as the motor car has significantly altered the character of Southampton.
Numerous gravel pits have been dug in the Southampton area, many of which have yielded Stone Age tools.[3] Evidence of a Stone Age settlement has been found at Priory Avenue, St Denys.[3]
Bronze Age objects have been found on Southampton Common,[3] particularly by grave-diggers working in the cemetery and during the construction of the reservoir.[3] Further Bronze Age finds have been made near Cobden Bridge.[3]
Iron Age earthworks have been found at Lordswood and Aldermoor[3] and evidence of Iron Age buildings has been found in the City Centre.[3]
Antonine Itinerary VII[4] documents the Roman settlement of Clausentum in Roman Britain as being 20 miles (32 km) West of Noviomagus Reginorum (Chichester)[4] and 10 miles (16 km) from Venta Belgarum (Winchester).[4]
In about 1770,[5] John Speed[5] claimed that Clausentum was in the area that is now known as Bitterne Manor.[5][6] In 1792,[5] the Rev. Richard Warner[5] investigated those claims and found a ditch, a bank and some Roman coins.[5][7] Since then, this site has been investigated further and is generally accepted as the site of Clausentum,[5] but there is no universal agreement.[5] Reference to modern maps show Bitterne Manor to be 25 miles (40 km) from Chichester. Wickham is at the junction of two Roman Roads and is a better fit to the distances documented in Antonine Itinerary VII.[4] The case for Clausentum being situated at Bitterne Manor is based on archaeological evidence[2] and the geography of the site (nestled inside a sharp bend in the River Itchen) which clearly allowed it to be turned into a good defensive position.[2]
But the fact that there was a Roman settlement at what is now Bitterne Manor is not disputed.[2] Archaeological finds at what is believed to be Clausentum show the site to be an important trading port with some significant buildings.[2] Traces of a Roman Road on a line running from Bitterne Manor to Wickham have also been found.[2]
The Romans abandoned the settlement circa 410, when Roman Britain ended.
The Anglo-Saxons moved the centre of the town across the River Itchen to what is now the St Mary's area. The settlement was known as Hamwic[8] and or Hamtun, the two names co-existed and described the same area but were used in different contexts.[9] By the middle of the 11th century, the area is described as South Hamtun by Anglo Saxon Chroniclers.[9] References to St. Mary's Church also appear in 11th century documents.[9] Hamwic is referred to as a market[9] in the account of the life of St. Willibald, written by an Anglo-Saxon nun named Hygeburg in the late 8th century.[9]
Excavations have revealed a section of the street plan of Hamwic[10] and uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artifacts in Europe.[3] These collectively show that Hamwic was a planned town,[10] that it became an important port and traded with the continent[11] and was a Royal administration centre.[9] Hamwic was the site of the Royal Mint for several Anglo Saxon Kings (AD 786–858) until it was moved to Winchester later in the 9th Century.[12]
Hamwic is also believed to have been a point of departure for slaves (being sent to the market at Rouen)[9] and pilgrims, like St. Willibald to important European cities like Rome.[9]
Vikings raids on Southampton disrupted trade with the continent and contributed to the re-organization of Wessex.[12] Important industries that were previously well established in Hamwic were withdrawn further inland to the new fortifications at Winchester,[12] contributing to the decline of Hamwic.
Archaeological evidence shows evidence of 10th century settlements and a defended enclosure in what was later to become the Medieval walled town.[13]
The Viking King Canute the Great defeated the Anglo-Saxon King Ethelred the Unready in 1014 and was crowned in Southampton.[13] His fabled attempt to "command" the tide to halt may have taken place in Southampton.[14]
Southampton's prosperity was assured following the Norman Conquest in 1066, when it became the major port of transit between Winchester (the capital of England until the early 12th Century) and Normandy.
The Domesday Book indicates that Southampton already had distinct French and English quarters at the time of the Norman Conquest[13] and that the King owned a number of properties upon which rent was payable.[13]
Archaeological evidence has dated the foundation of St. Michael's Church at 1070[15] and the church was dedicated to St. Michael, patron saint of Normandy.
An Augustinian priory was founded at St. Denys, on 364 acres (1.47 km2) of land granted by Henry I, the last of the Norman Kings, in 1127.[16] St. Denys Priory continued as a religious house until its suppression in 1536.
Henry II, the first King of the House of Plantagenet, was a regular visitor to Southampton and established Southampton Castle.[17] The Castle was principally used to store the King's wine.[18] Surviving remains of 12th Century merchants houses such as King Johns House and Canutes Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time.[16] Archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of other houses of similar stature.[16]
By the 13th century, Southampton had become a leading port and was particularly involved in the trade of French wine and English wool.[18] The Wool House was built in 1417 as a warehouse for the medieval wool trade with Flanders and Italy. This building is in use today as the Maritime Museum, and can be found near Town Quay. It includes an exhibition concerning the RMS Titanic.
By 1173, the St Mary Magdalen leper Hospital was established to the north of the town.[16] St Julians Hospital, otherwise known as Gods House Hospital, was founded around 1196 by Gervase 'le Riche'.[16] The Franciscan friary was later built alongside Gods House hospital.[16] Bowls was first played regularly on the green adjacent to God's House Hospital in 1299. The green still exists. It is the world's oldest surviving bowling green.[19]
The town was sacked in 1338 by the French, including the pirate Grimaldi, who used the plunder to help found the principality of Monaco.[20] After this attack, the city's walls – parts of which date from 1175 -[21] were extensively improved and reinforced.[22] Lacking proper finance for the construction of a full defensive wall, the townsfolk reached a compromise solution, which involved joining the existing exterior walls of existing merchant houses together to form part of the defensive structure. The city walls include God's House Tower, built in 1417, the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England.[23] Over the years it has been used as home to the city's gunner, the Town Gaol and even as storage for the Southampton Harbour Board.[22] Today, it is open as the Museum of Archaeology. The walls were finally completed in the 15th century.[24] A large part of the town's walls remain today.[25]
The Black Death reached England in 1348[26] via the merchant vessels that regularly visited Southampton at that time.
The 12th century Red Lion pub on the High Street below the Bargate within the old walls is where in 1415, immediately prior to King Henry V of England's departure from Southampton to the Battle of Agincourt, the ringleaders of the 'Southampton Plot', Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton, were tried and found guilty of high treason, before being summarily executed outside the Bargate.
During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an increasingly important industry and was to remain so for centuries to come. The city became a county corporate in 1447.
Southampton's Tudor House Museum otherwise known as Huttofts or Lady Ann Guidotti's House was built in 1495 for Sir John Dawtry.[27] It has formerly been a family home, an artist's studio and housed businesses including a dye-house and a bookbinder. It is now a museum.[28]
Southampton's economic fortunes fluctuated during the Tudor period.[2] From 1492 to 1531, all exports of tin and lead were required to pass through Southampton.[29] Trade with the Channel Islands increased.[29] In 1554 Southampton was granted a monopoly on the export of wool to the Mediterranean and on the import of sweet wine.[29] At other times during this period, the port was in decline, mainly because trade was shifting to London.[29] Southampton was also a convenient port for the buccaneers that plundered Spanish ships in the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean.[29]
The development of Hurst, Calshot, Cowes and Netley castles along Southampton Water and the Solent, by Henry VIII in about 1540, meant that Southampton was no longer so dependent upon its fortifications.[30]
In 1553, the Free Grammar School of the Mayor Baliffs and Burgesses of the Towne and County of Southampton was granted letters patent by King Edward VI, establishing the new school and thus fulfilling the legacy of William Capon who left money for that purpose in his will.[31] The schools survives as King Edward VI School, Southampton.
The port was the original point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard the Mayflower in 1623.[21] A memorial can be found on Town Quay. Since that time it has been the last port of call for millions of emigrants who left the Old World to start a new life in the USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Barbados[32] and other parts of the world.
In 1642, during the English Civil War, a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton,[33] initially to defend against seaborne attack from Royalist ships.[33] A Royalist army advanced as far as Redbridge in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the town[33] by Colonel Richard Norton. The Battle of Cheriton, also in March 1644, subsequently removed the threat to Southampton.[33]
In June 1664,[34] the Black Death returned to Southampton. This new plague seriously disrupted life and led the Corporation to report that it was unable to continue governing the town.[34] By the time the epidemic ended in November 1666, 1700 people had died.[34]
Isaac Watts the younger, born in Southampton in 1674,[34] wrote the words of the hymn O God Our Help In Ages Past. His early education was at the Free Grammar School.[34] He was a member of the Above Bar Independent Community.[34] This non-conformist community was persecuted[34] following the Act of Uniformity of 1662. Isaac Watts' father, also named Isaac, suffered periods of imprisonment in the Bargate.[34]
Southampton became a Spa Town in 1740,[35] thanks to the discovery of a spring of Chalybeate water.[35] The area was laid out as Spa gardens[35] and earned Royal Patronage.[35] That further encouraged fashionable society to Southampton[35] and aided its prosperity and development.
Southampton had also become a popular site for Sea Bathing by the 1760s,[36] despite the lack of a good quality beach.[36] Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay,[36] with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide,[36] one of which had an adjustable floor.[36] The building, known as the Long Rooms, had a long promenade with views over the water to be enjoyed by spectators and bathers alike.[36]
The Polygon was an 18th century residential and commercial development designed in 1768[37] by James Leroux[37] which was aimed at Southampton's fashionable clientele. It was intended to be a development of 12 residential houses,[37] with a hotel, shops, an assembly room and an ornamental lake.[37] Three houses and the hotel were completed by 1773,[37] but the scheme had financial problems and it was never completed.[37] The buildings have since been demolished.[37]
The fashionable attractions of the town caused coaching traffic to increase.[38] Several Coaching Inns were established in Southampton[38] and there was a great deal of competition for passengers and guests.[38] The coaching trade continued until it was rendered obsolete by the arrival of the railway.[39]
There was a great deal of interest in constructing canals, though this was only partially implemented.[40]
In 1774, a canal between Eling and Salisbury was proposed,[40] but it was not built. In 1779, a canal linking Southampton (at Redbridge) to Andover was proposed.[40]
The Redbridge to Andover canal was completed in 1796.[40] In 1792, the proposal to link Southampton and Salisbury by canal gained new momentum.[40] The plan was to build a new canal from Salisbury to connect with the Andover to Southampton canal at Kimbridge.[40] The canal would then be extended from Redbridge into the centre of Southampton, passing through a tunnel under the Marlands,[40] branching at Houndwell to serve both Northam and Town Quay.[40] The tunnel was started but was never completed.[40]
Walter Taylor's 18th century mechanization of the block-making process, in Southampton, was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution,[41] winning him a monopoly on the supply of wooden rigging blocks for the Royal Navy from 1759 to 1803.[41]
For centuries, the only crossings of the river Itchen in this area were at Mansbridge, some distance upstream from Southampton, and at Itchen Ferry village.[42] The Northam Bridge Company was formed in 1796.[42] They built a toll bridge at Northam which was opened in September 1799[42] and new roads connecting the bridge to Southampton and Botley, Hampshire. The town was further connected to Portsmouth via another toll bridge built at Bursledon[42] and another road which linked Bursledon bridge to the new Northam to Botley road at Bitterne.[42]
The Floating Bridge also connected Southampton to Woolston and Portsmouth on the east bank of the River Itchen in 1836.[43]
Southampton was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and contained the parishes of All Saints, Holy Rood, St John, St Lawrence, St Mary, St Michael, and part of South Stoneham.
The painter John Everett Millais was born in the city in 1829. Southampton Solent University's art gallery is named Millais Gallery in his honour.[44]
There was competition between the two toll companies at Northam and Itchen,[43][45] resulting in another new road[45] on the east of the Itchen, connecting Woolston to Botley via Sholing and Hedge End.[45]
The town experienced major expansion during the Victorian era.[43] The Southampton Docks company was formed in 1835.[46] In October 1838, the foundation stone of the docks was laid.[46] The first dock opened on 29 August 1842.[46] The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company operated its services from Southampton, officially designating the port as the packet station in May 1843.[47] The structural and economic development of the docks continued for the next few decades.[2]
The railway link from Southampton to London was fully opened in May 1840,[46] though it had been operating as far as Winchester since June 1839,[46] It was delayed by work on the chalk cutting between Winchester and Basingstoke.[48] In 1847, Southampton was connected to Dorchester by rail.[48] In 1866, a branch line extended the railway over the River Itchen at St Denys, passing through Bitterne and Woolston to Netley.[49] This created further competition for the Floating Bridge company.[43]
With good transport links, Southampton became the emigrant station for North America and Canada in January 1844.[50] The Southampton Emigration and Shipping Company was formed in 1846[50] Southampton subsequently became became known as The Gateway to the Empire, with many emigrants passing through Southampton to start a new life in the United States and Canada, South Africa and Australia.[50]
The town became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888. In 1894, under the Local Government Act 1894, the part of South Stoneham, within the borough, became the parish of Portswood, in 1895 the parish of Shirley was added.
Cholera epidemics in 1848–49 and 1865 caused great concern.[51] These outbreaks were centred on the slums of the old medieval town.[51] Sewers were built in the 1840s[52] and 1870s.[51] In 1894, the Borough Medical Officer of Health published a report on poverty in the town.[53] Population density in the slums at that time was recorded as 441.4 per acre (1,091 /ha).[53] The Simmel Street and West Quay Improvement plan subsequently cleared the area of slums, created new streets and a lodging house in St Michaels Square; it was called St Michaels House and opened in 1899.[53]
In common with most of the luxury liners of the time,[54] RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton.[21] Most of the crew came from Southampton; 549 Sotonians died in the sinking. The Maritime museum in the old Wool House includes an exhibition related to the vessel.
Southampton was designated No. 1 Military Embarkation Port in August 1914.[55] Much of Southampton Common was taken over by the military[55] A total of 8,149,685[55] troops and their equipment departed for mainland Europe through the port.[55] A steady flow of refugees, prisoners of war and 1,177,125 wounded came back to England through Southampton.[55]
In 1919, soldiers returning from World War I mutinied in the port.
In 1920, Bitterne Parish Council and Itchen Urban District Council, which collectively covered the districts of Bitterne, Bitterne Manor, Bitterne Park, Woolston, Peartree Green, Sholing and Weston, were incorporated into the borough of Southampton.[56] Bassett and Swaythling were incorporated into Southampton at the same time.[56]
The period between the two World Wars saw an increase in the volume of traffic, as the motor car and Southampton Corporation Tramways evolved. It became essential to develop new routes around the Bargate as the central arch was too much of an obstruction.[57] By 1931, a tram passed through the Bargate every 30 seconds[57] and over the course of 14 hours, 2000 cars[57] and 6000 bicycles[57] would use the same narrow passage between Above Bar and the High Street. The photographs (below) illustrate the problem. Several old buildings and part of the medieval walls were demolished on both sides of the Bargate.[57] In 1932, the Bargate was bypassed on its eastern side.[57] The Bargate became an island when it was bypassed on its western side in 1938.[57]
The Clock Tower, further up Above Bar at the junction with New Road, was re-located to Bitterne Park Triangle in 1934[1] to facilitate further road improvements.
On 25 March 1929,[57] Southampton Corporation purchased Northam Bridge from the Northam Bridge Company. On 16 May 1929,[57] the tolls on that bridge were removed. At the same time, the tolls at Lances Hill,[57] Hedge End[57] and the bridge at Bursledon[57] were also abolished. The only remaining toll in Southampton was at the Floating Bridge, which was eventually taken over by Southampton Corporation in 1934,[57] remaining a toll-crossing until it closed in 1977.
Southampton Blitz The Second World War hit Southampton particularly hard. Pockets of Georgian architecture remain, but much of the city was leveled during the Blitz of November 1940. 476 tons of bombs were dropped on the city by the Luftwaffe.[58] Southampton was a prime target because of its general strategic importance as a major port and industrial area, and particularly because the Supermarine Spitfire was designed, developed and built in Southampton.
On 24 September 1940, the Supermarine factory in Woolston was bombed, killing many, though not damaging the factory. Two days later, the factory was destroyed. After the air raid Nazi propaganda declared that the town had been left a smoking ruin.
On 6 November 1940,[59] during a raid on the town centre, three bombs hit the School of Art in the Civic Centre,[59] (now known as the Art Gallery), killing students that were sheltering in the basement.[59]
The main blitz, a series of sustained nighttime raids, started on 23 November 1940.[60] There was a pause until 30 November,[60] when the resumption of raids destroyed repairs that had made during the lull.[61] The blitz continued on 1 December,[60] but these raids were sporadic and smaller.[62] A total of 137 people died during the period of the Blitz, of which 96 were lost to direct hits on public air raid shelters.[61]
The accuracy of the locally-based Ordnance Survey's maps did not go unrecognized by the Luftwaffe: German bomber pilots used them to bomb Southampton.[63] One building that survived the bombing was Southampton's oldest, St. Michaels Church. The spire was an important navigational aid for the German pilots and consequently they were ordered to avoid hitting it.[64] Other buildings in Southampton were found to be used as aids to navigation; Elmfield flats in Millbrook had a flat concrete roof which was clearly visible from the air until it was grassed over.
There were 1605 air raid warnings[58] in Southampton, the last raid occurred on 5 November 1944.[58] Only one flying bomb fell within the boundaries of Southampton,[58] at Sholing on 12 July 1944.[58]
In July 1943,[65] military exercise Harlequin tested the ports' capacity for embarking troops and equipment.[65] Original estimates were that 11,000 troops could be embarked on each high tide.[65] The exercise showed that 44,000 troops could be handled.[65] By D-Day, that figure had increased to 53,750 troops and 7070 vehicles,[65] aided by the construction of additional facilities[65] specifically with D-Day in mind.
Besides the embarkation of troops, Southampton was used for other purposes in the preparations for the Invasion of Europe. US servicemen and Lend Lease imports arrived at the docks.[66] Sections of Mulberry Harbour were constructed in the harbour.[67] A planning team for the PLUTO pipelines that provided fuel to the Normandy sector was based at HMS Abatos.[68]
Southampton was at the heart of Area C,[65] a huge marshalling area in southern Hampshire, which extended as far north as Winchester. Detailed maps of the time show that within Area C, Sub area Z extended around the north of Southampton and as far as Hedge End in the east.[69] There were military camps on the common,[69] Harefield,[69] Thornhill,[69] and Netley Common.[69] The maps even show that there were Chemical Warfare dumps to the north of the town.[69] The town centre, the docks, Woolston and Weston were part of Embarkation Area C5.[69] The plan was that troops and equipment would be assembled in the camps in sub-areas W, X, Y and Z then brought to the embarkation area to be loaded aboard the ships that were waiting there. That plan was tested in May 1944,[70] during Operation Fabius,[70] with troops that passed through Southampton rehearsing their landings at Hayling Island, Bracklesham Bay and Littlehampton.[70]
After D-Day Southampton continued to work at full capacity to re-supply the Allied Forces on mainland Europe.[71]
From 1 April to 25 August 1944, Southampton was within Regulated Area (No 2), which placed the local population under certain restrictions that were intended to secure the military operation.[72]
.
Southampton was awarded city status in 1964 by Letters Patent.[73]
In 1967, Southampton took in part of the Nursling and Rownhams parishes. The boundaries have been largely unchanged since.
Southampton lost its County Borough status under the Local Government Act 1972.
It became a Unitary Authority in 1997, administratively independent of Hampshire County Council, following the Banham Review.
Southampton is still an important ocean liner port, frequented by luxury ships such as P&O's MV Oriana, and Cunarders RMS Queen Mary 2, MS Queen Victoria and MS Queen Elizabeth.
The city is home to Sir Edwin Lutyens' first permanent cenotaph, which was the basis for his design of the cenotaph memorial in Whitehall, London,[74] a memorial to the city's dead of World War I. When it was unveiled on 6 November 1920, it had 1800 names, later 2008 names. It can be found in Watts (West) Park, opposite the Titanic memorial.
A memorial to the engineers of the RMS Titanic may be found in Andrews (East) Park, on Above Bar Street. There is a memorial to the musicians who played on the Titanic just opposite the main memorial.
The Watts memorial in the city's West Park, also known as the Watts Park, was unveiled in 1861. The melody of his famous Hymn, "O God our help in Ages Past" can be heard when the Civic Centre clock chimes.[34]
St. Michael's Church is thought to have been commenced in 1070,[75][76] the building has been added to many times over the centuries but its central tower dates from Norman times.
St. Mary's Church is the largest church in the city and can trace its origins to the first Saxon settlements of the 7th century.[77]
The Spitfire was developed and initially manufactured in the suburb of Woolston. Its designer, Reginald Mitchell, grew up in Stoke-on-Trent, then had a house in Russell Place in Highfield suburb near the university (now identified by a memorial plaque). The plane was a direct descendant of experimental aircraft built by Supermarine that competed in the Schneider Trophy in the 1930s. Supermarine was taken over by Vickers in 1928. Mitchell's short life is documented in the film The First of the Few.
There were many aircraft companies based around Hamble, to the east of the town, from the 1930s to the 1950s, including Folland Aviation, started by Henry P. Folland, the former chief designer of Gloster Aircraft. Folland was taken over by Hawker Siddeley in 1960, and later became British Aerospace, the factory built the Hawk and Harrier. The history of the area's contribution to aviation is celebrated at Solent Sky (formerly Southampton Hall of Aviation),[78] near Itchen Bridge, and opposite the erstwhile site of the Woolston Supermarine factory. BOAC had a flying boat base in the docks serving British colonial possessions in Africa and Asia in the 1930s and 1940s. Aquila Airways then used Berth 50 until they ended operations in late 1958. Nearby, Calshot Spit was a base for military flying boat operations and servicing.
The John I. Thornycroft & Company shipyard was the major employer in Woolston from 1904 to 2004.[1] The yard built and repaired many ships for the Royal Navy and was particularly busy during the two World Wars.[79] John I. Thornycroft & Company merged with Vosper & Co. in 1966 to become Vosper Thornycroft.[1] Subsequently renamed VT Group, the yard closed in 2004 when the business relocated to Portsmouth.[1]
The Day Summers & Co. shipyard at Northam, originally the Northam Iron works[80] launched its first iron steam ship in October 1840[80] and proceeded to build mail ships for expanding services that operated from Southampton's newly developed docks.[80] Subsequently, the firm built a number of specialized vessels,[81] including a submarine Incognita[81] and luxury steam yachts.[81] During World War I, the yard built tugs, minesweepers and refrigerated barges.[79] The yard closed in January, 1929.,[71] its last project being the Floating Bridge, launched in 1928.[71]
The Floating Bridge was opened in 1836.[43] and connected Southampton to Woolston At that time Woolston was a separate village on the east bank of the River Itchen, it did not become part of Southampton until 1920.[1] Originally owned by a private company, the Floating Bridge was purchased by Southampton Corporation in 1934.[71] This service continued until 1977 when the Itchen Bridge was opened.[82]
Horse drawn trams appeared in Southampton in 1879.[49] Electrified trams were introduced in 1900.[83] From 1908, Southampton Corporation built most of its own trams at its works in Portswood.[84] In 1923,[84] some specially designed trams were introduced. These had unique rounded roofs which allowed them to pass through the centre arch of the Bargate.[85] During WorldWarII, Southamptons Trams were parked overnight in sidings on the Common instead of in the terminus buildings located around the city.[84] From 1942 they were painted battleship grey.[84] Because of those precautions, only one tram was lost to enemy bombing.[84] The Tram system did not extend very far into the Eastern part of the City, passing over the River Itchen and Cobden Bridge and connecting with Bitterne Railway Station.[84] Suburbs that were newly incorporated into the town in 1920 were always served by buses instead of trams. Southampton's trams were gradually taken out of service during 1948 and 1949, with the final tram running on 31 December 1949.[86]
Southamptons trams were superseded by a fleet of diesel engined buses, though buses had previously been in service in some parts of the City which were not serviced by trams.
The railway arrived in Southampton in 1839.[87] The first permanent station[87] was Southampton Terminus situated near Canute Road. Originally, trains terminated at a temporary structure at Northam.[87] In 1847, Southampton Terminus was linked to Dorchester[88] via the Southampton and Dorchester Railway and in 1866 it was extended to an additional line that served Netley Hospital.[89] On 2 September 1889,[89] it become the Southampton to Fareham Line.
The Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway was originally intended to run on a separate route into Southampton, with a goods yard where The Dell was subsequently built.[90] Construction of the earthworks was commenced but this line connected to the existing L&SWRroute at Winchester in 1891,[91] the separate option into Southampton was never built.[90]
In 1892, the London and South Western Railway Company purchased Southampton Docks.[89] By 1897, the existing Southampton Terminus , the South Western Hotel, a large goods yard and a turntable had all been established, with railway lines running across Canute Road and into every corner of the docks.[89] The interaction between trains and other traffic was controlled by men with red flags.[89] This close relationship between the docks and the railways allowed specialist Boat Train services[89] to be developed that connected with the transatlantic liners, trains ultimately terminating at full-length platforms housed within the Ocean Terminal.[89] Trains also ran directly on to the Royal Pier[89] to connect with ferry services to Portsmouth, Ryde and Cowes.[89] The nearby Cattle Market was also well served by the railway.[89] The decline of transatlantic passenger liners in favour of quicker air routes,[92] the development of Southampton Container Terminal,[92] which transferred dock traffic to Millbrook and the electrification of the South Western Main Line to London,[92] all affected the economics of Southampton Terminus. Passenger services ceased on 9 September 1966[89] but the terminus continued to be used for parcels until March 1968.[89] Southampton Central, originally Southampton West,[93] is now the main railway station for Southampton.